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Abraham Lincoln was born in a log cabin in Hardin County, Kentucky, on February 12, 1809.
Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation
On January 1, 1863, Lincoln delivered the Emancipation Proclamation, reshaping the cause of the Civil War from
saving the Union to abolishing slavery. The Union Army's first year and
a half of battlefield defeats made it difficult to keep up morale and
support strong for a reunification of the nation. And the Union victory
at Antietam
on September 22, 1862, while by no means conclusive, was hopeful,
giving Lincoln confidence to officially change the goals of the war.
Lincoln’s
Emancipation Proclamation stated that all individuals who were held as
slaves in rebellious states "henceforward shall be free." The action was
more symbolic than effective because the North didn’t control any
states in rebellion and the proclamation didn’t apply to Border States,
Tennessee or some Louisiana parishes.
Lincoln’s Most Famous Speech: The Gettysburg Address
On
November 19, 1863, Lincoln delivered what would become his most famous
speech and one of the most important speeches in American history, the Gettysburg Address.
Addressing a crowd of around 15,000 people, Lincoln delivered his
272-word speech at one of the bloodiest battlefields of the Civil War,
the National Cemetery of Gettysburg, in Pennsylvania.
The Civil
War, Lincoln said, was the ultimate test of the preservation of the
Union created in 1776, and the dead at Gettysburg fought to uphold this
cause. Lincoln evoked the Declaration of Independence,
saying it was up to the living to ensure that the “government of the
people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth,”
and this Union was “dedicated to the proposition that all men are
created equal.” A common interpretation was that the President was
expanding the cause of the Civil War from simply reunifying the Union to
also fighting for equality and abolishing slavery.
Abraham Lincoln’s Assassination
Abraham Lincoln was shot on April 14, 1865, by well-known actor and Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth
at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. He was taken to the Petersen
House across the street and laid in a coma for nine hours before dying
the next morning. His body lay in state at the Capitol before a funeral
train took him back to his final resting place in Springfield, Illinois.
Family
Abraham
Lincoln was born to Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lincoln. Thomas was a
strong and determined pioneer who found a moderate level of prosperity
and was well respected in the community. The couple had two other
children: Abraham's older sister Sarah and younger brother Thomas, who
died in infancy.
When young Abraham was nine years old, his
mother died of tremetol (milk sickness) at age 34, on October 5, 1818.
The event was devastating to him, and young Abraham grew more alienated
from his father and quietly resented the hard work placed on him at an
early age. In December 1819, just over a year after his mother’s death,
Lincoln’s father Thomas married Sarah Bush Johnston, a Kentucky widow
with three children of her own. She was a strong and affectionate woman
with whom Abraham quickly bonded.
Childhood and Education
The
Lincolns were forced to move from Abraham’s birthplace of Kentucky to
Perry County, Indiana, due to a land dispute in 1817. There the family
"squatted" on public land to scrap out a living in a crude shelter,
hunting game and farming a small plot. Abraham’s father was eventually
able to buy the land.
Though both his parents were most likely
illiterate, Thomas’ new wife Sarah encouraged Abraham to read. It was
while growing into manhood that Abraham Lincoln received his formal
education — an estimated total of 18 months — a few days or weeks at a
time. Reading material was in short supply in the Indiana wilderness.
Neighbors recalled how Abraham would walk for miles to borrow a book. He
undoubtedly read the family Bible and probably other popular books at
that time such as Robinson Crusoe, Pilgrims Progress and Aesop’s Fables.
In
March, 1830, the family again migrated, this time to Macon County,
Illinois. When his father moved the family again to Coles County,
22-year-old Abraham Lincoln struck out on his own, making a living in
manual labor. At six feet four inches tall, Lincoln was rawboned and
lanky, but muscular and physically strong. He spoke with a backwoods
twang and walked with a long-striding gait. He was known for his skill
in wielding an ax and early on made a living splitting wood for fire and
rail fencing.
Young Abraham Lincoln eventually migrated to the
small community of New Salem, Illinois, where over a period of years he
worked as a shopkeeper, postmaster and eventually general store owner.
It was there that Lincoln, working with the public, acquired social
skills and honed storytelling talent that made him popular with the
locals. When the Black Hawk War broke out in 1832 between the United
States and Native Americans, the volunteers in the area elected Lincoln
to be their captain. He saw no combat during this time, save for "a good
many bloody struggles with the mosquitoes," but was able to make
several important political connections.
Wife and Kids
Abraham Lincoln was married to Mary Todd
on November 4, 1842. Todd was a high-spirited, well-educated woman from
a distinguished Kentucky family. When the couple became engaged in
1840, many of their friends and family couldn't understand Mary’s
attraction; at times Lincoln questioned it himself. In 1841, the
engagement was suddenly broken off, most likely at Lincoln's initiative.
Mary and Abraham met later at a social function and eventually married
in 1842. The couple had four children, of which only one, Robert,
survived to adulthood.
Before marrying Todd, Lincoln was involved
with other potential matches. Around 1837, he purportedly met and
became romantically involved with Anne Rutledge. Before they had a
chance to be engaged, a wave of typhoid fever came over New Salem and
Anne died at age 22. Her death was said to have left Lincoln severely
depressed. However, several historians disagree on the extent of
Lincoln’s relationship with Rutledge and his level of sorrow at her
death may be more the makings of legend. About a year after the death of
Rutledge, Lincoln courted Mary Owens. The two saw each other for a few
months and marriage was considered. But in time, Lincoln called off the
match.
Lincoln as Lawyer and Politician
In
1834 Abraham Lincoln began his political career and was elected to the
Illinois state legislature as a member of the Whig Party. It was around
this time that he decided to become a lawyer, teaching himself the law
by reading William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England.
After being admitted to the bar in 1837, he moved to Springfield,
Illinois, and began to practice in the John T. Stuart law firm.
In
1844, Abraham Lincoln partnered with William Herndon in the practice of
law. Though the two had different jurisprudent styles, they developed a
close professional and personal relationship. Lincoln made a good
living in his early years as a lawyer, but found that Springfield alone
didn't offer enough work, so to supplement his income, he followed the
court as it made its rounds on the circuit to the various county seats
in Illinois.
Abraham Lincoln served a single term in the U.S.
House of Representatives from 1847 to 1849. His foray into national
politics seemed to be as unremarkable as it was brief. He was the lone
Whig from the state of Illinois, showing party loyalty, but finding few
political allies. He used his term in office to speak out against the Mexican-American War and supported Zachary Taylor
for president in 1848. His criticism of the war made him unpopular back
home and he decided not to run for second term, but instead returned to
Springfield to practice law.
By the 1850s, the railroad industry
was moving west and Illinois found itself becoming a major hub for
various companies. Abraham Lincoln served as a lobbyist for the Illinois
Central Railroad as its company attorney. Success in several court
cases brought other business clients as well — banks, insurance
companies and manufacturing firms. Lincoln also did some criminal
trials. In one case, a witness claimed that he could identify Lincoln's
client who was accused of murder, because of the intense light from a
full moon. Lincoln referred to an almanac and proved that the night in
question had been too dark for the witness to see anything clearly. His
client was acquitted.
Lincoln’s Views on Slavery
As a
member of the Illinois state legislature in 1834, Lincoln supported the
Whig politics of government-sponsored infrastructure and protective
tariffs. This political understanding led him to formulate his early
views on slavery, not so much as a moral wrong, but as an impediment to
economic development.
In 1854, Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise,
allowing individual states and territories to decide for themselves
whether to allow slavery. The law provoked violent opposition in Kansas
and Illinois, and it gave rise to the Republican Party. This awakened
Abraham Lincoln's political zeal once again, and his views on slavery
moved more toward moral indignation. Lincoln joined the Republican Party
in 1856.
In 1857, the Supreme Court issued its controversial decision Scott v. Sanford,
declaring African Americans were not citizens and had no inherent
rights. Though Abraham Lincoln felt African Americans were not equal to
whites, he believed America's founders intended that all men were
created with certain inalienable rights. Lincoln decided to challenge
sitting U.S. Senator Stephen Douglas for his seat. In his nomination acceptance speech, he criticized Douglas, the Supreme Court, and President Buchanan for promoting slavery and declared "a house divided cannot stand."
During
Lincoln’s 1858 Senate campaign against Douglas, he participated in
seven debates held in different cities across Illinois. The two
candidates didn't disappoint the public, giving stirring debates on
issues ranging from states' rights to western expansion, but the central
issue was slavery. Newspapers intensely covered the debates, often
times with partisan commentary. In the end, the state legislature
elected Douglas, but the exposure vaulted Lincoln into national
politics.
Lincoln’s Election to the Presidency
In
1860, political operatives in Illinois organized a campaign to support
Abraham Lincoln for the presidency. On May 18, at the Republican
National Convention in Chicago, Lincoln surpassed better known
candidates such as William Seward of New York and Salmon P. Chase
of Ohio. Lincoln's nomination was due in part to his moderate views on
slavery, his support for improving the national infrastructure, and the
protective tariff.
In the general election, Lincoln faced his friend and rival, Stephan Douglas, this time besting him in a four-way race that included John C. Breckinridge of the Northern Democrats and John Bell of the Constitution Party. Lincoln received not quite 40 percent of the popular vote, but carried 180 of 303 Electoral votes.
Lincoln’s Cabinet
Following
his election to the presidency in 1860, Abraham Lincoln selected a
strong cabinet composed of many of his political rivals, including
William Seward, Salmon P. Chase, Edward Bates and Edwin Stanton. Formed
out the adage "Hold your friends close and your enemies closer,"
Lincoln's Cabinet became one of his strongest assets in his first term
in office… and he would need them with the start of the Civil War the
following year.
The Civil War
Before
Lincoln’s inauguration in March, 1861, seven Southern states had
seceded from the Union, and by April the U.S. military installation Fort Sumter
was under siege in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. In the early
morning hours of April 12, 1861, the guns stationed to protect the
harbor blazed toward the fort signaling the start of America’s costliest
and most deadly war.
Abraham Lincoln responded to the crisis
wielding powers as no other president before him. He distributed $2
million from the Treasury for war material without an appropriation from
Congress; he called for 75,000 volunteers into military service without
a declaration of war; and he suspended the writ of habeas corpus,
arresting and imprisoning suspected Confederate sympathizers without a
warrant. Crushing the rebellion would be difficult under any
circumstances, but the Civil War, with its preceding decades of
white-hot partisan politics, was especially onerous. From all
directions, Lincoln faced disparagement and defiance. He was often at
odds with his generals, his Cabinet, his party and a majority of the
American people.
Following Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation in
1863, the war effort gradually improved for the North, though more by
attrition than by brilliant military victories. But by 1864, the
Confederate armies had eluded major defeat and Lincoln was convinced
he'd be a one-term president. His nemesis, George B. McClellan, the
former commander of the Army of the Potomac, challenged him for the
presidency, but the contest wasn't even close. Lincoln received 55
percent of the popular vote and 212 of 243 Electoral votes.
On April 9, 1865, General Robert E. Lee, commander of the Army of Virginia, surrendered his forces to Union General Ulysses S. Grant and the war for all intents and purposes was over. Reconstruction
has already began during the Civil War as early as 1863 in areas firmly
under Union military control, and Lincoln favored a policy of quick
reunification with a minimum of retribution. He was confronted by a
radical group of Republicans in the Senate and House that wanted
complete allegiance and repentance from former Confederates. Before a
political battle had a chance to firmly develop, Lincoln was
assassinated.
Bill Clinton was the
42nd president of the United States, and the second to be impeached. He
oversaw the country's longest peacetime economic expansion.
Synopsis
Bill Clinton was born on August 19, 1946, in Hope, Arkansas. In 1975, he married Hillary Rodham.
The following year, he was elected attorney general of Arkansas, and in
1978 he became the youngest governor in the country. Elected U.S.
president in 1992, Clinton enacted such legislation as the Family and
Medical Leave Act and oversaw two terms of economic prosperity. He was
impeached by the House of Representatives in 1998 following the
revelation of his affair with Monica Lewinsky,
but was acquitted by the Senate in 1999. Since leaving office, Clinton
has remained on the global stage by working with the Clinton Foundation
and campaigning for his wife, Hillary Clinton, who ran for U.S.
president in the 2008 and 2016 elections.
Early Life
William
Jefferson Clinton, better known as Bill Clinton, was born on August 19,
1946, in Hope, Arkansas, a small town with a population of about 8,000.
His father, William Jefferson Blythe, had died in a car crash three
months before Clinton was born, leaving him in the care of his mother,
Virginia Cassidy Blythe.
To
provide for her son, Virginia moved to New Orleans, Louisiana to study
anesthesiology, while Clinton stayed with his grandparents, Eldridge and
Edith Cassidy. While opposites in many ways—Eldridge was easygoing and
Edith the disciplinarian—both lavished attention on the young
boy, instilling in him the importance of a good education. "My
grandparents had a lot to do with my early commitment to learning,"
Clinton later recalled. "They taught me to count and read. I was reading
little books when I was 3."
Clinton's mother returned to
Arkansas with her nursing degree in 1950. Later that year she married an
automobile salesman named Roger Clinton, who soon moved the family back
to his hometown of Hot Springs, Arkansas. Although neither his parents
nor his grandparents were religious, Clinton became a devoted Baptist
from a very young age. On Sunday mornings, he woke himself up, put on
his best dress clothes and walked the mile to Park Place Baptist Church
to attend services alone.
Throughout his childhood, Clinton grew
increasingly disturbed by his stepfather's drinking and abusive behavior
toward his mother and younger half-brother. At the age of 14, already
standing more than 6 feet tall, Clinton finally snapped. He told his
stepfather, "If you want them, you'll have to go through me." The abuse
stopped but the drinking continued, and the tension persisted at home
even after Roger and Virginia's 1962 divorce and subsequent
reconciliation.
Clinton attended Hot Springs High School, a
segregated all-white school, where he was a stellar student and a star
saxophonist for the school band. The principal of Hot Springs High,
Johnnie Mae Mackey, placed a special emphasis on producing students
devoted to public service, and she developed a strong bond with the
smart and politically inclined Clinton.
In late spring 1963,
Clinton attended Boys State, an American Legion program designed to
introduce students to government service. He was elected an Arkansas
representative to Boys Nation in Washington, D.C., earning him an
invitation to meet President John F. Kennedy
at the White House Rose Garden. A photograph of the young Bill Clinton
shaking hands with President Kennedy has become an iconic image
symbolizing a passing of the baton between generations of modern
Democratic leadership. On the same trip, Clinton met another of his
political heroes, Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee J.
William Fulbright.
Higher Education
Upon graduating from
high school in 1964, Clinton enrolled at Georgetown University to study
international affairs. He immediately thrust himself into university
politics, serving as the president of his freshman and sophomore
classes, though he lost the election for student body president as a
junior. The political hopeful also began working as a clerk for the
Foreign Relations Committee under Senator Fulbright, one of Congress's
most outspoken critics of the Vietnam War. Clinton came to share
Fulbright's view that the war was both immoral and contrary to the
country's best interests.
Prior to graduating from Georgetown in
1968, Clinton won a highly prestigious Rhodes Scholarship to study for
two years at Oxford University. However, in the spring of 1969, Clinton
received his draft notice and was forced to return to Arkansas. Clinton
avoided military service by enrolling in the ROTC program at the
University of Arkansas Law School, but instead of attending law school
that fall, he returned to Oxford (and later claimed he had permission to
do so). Feeling guilty about his decision to avoid the draft, Clinton
resubmitted his name to the draft board, but he received a high enough
lottery number to assure that he would not have to serve in Vietnam.
Clinton
returned to the U.S. in 1970 to matriculate at Yale Law School. The
following spring, he met a bright young Wellesley College graduate named
Hillary Rodham, who shared his political ambitions. The pair graduated
from Yale in 1973 and married two years later in 1975. They had their
only child, a daughter named Chelsea, in 1980.
Early Political Career and Arkansas Governor
After
graduating from Yale, the Clintons moved to Arkansas, where Bill began
teaching at the University of Arkansas School of Law in Fayetteville and
thrust himself into politics. In 1974, he challenged Republican
incumbent John Paul Hammerschmidt for his seat in the U.S. House of
Representatives. Clinton lost the race, but it was closer than expected,
and the campaign marked him as a rising star of the Arkansas Democratic
Party. Two years later, Clinton was elected state attorney general, and
then in 1978, at the age of 32, he easily defeated Republican Lynn Lowe
to become the youngest governor in the country.
Working closely
with his wife, Hillary, Clinton set out on an ambitious agenda to reform
the state's education and health care systems. However, hampered by his
youth and political inexperience, he made several blunders as governor.
Clinton mishandled the riots by Cuban refugees interned at Fort Chaffee
and instituted a highly unpopular fee hike on auto licenses. At the
time, Arkansas governors served only two-year terms, and at the
conclusion of Clinton's term in 1980 a little-known Republican
challenger named Frank White shockingly knocked him out of office. Although
the loss devastated Clinton, he refused to let it put an end to his
promising political career. After spending some time working at the
Arkansas law firm of Wright, Lindsey & Jennings in Little Rock,
Clinton once again sought out the governorship in 1982. Freely admitting
his past mistakes and beseeching voters to give him a second chance,
Clinton swept back into office. This time he would hold onto the job for
four consecutive terms.
As governor, Clinton took a centrist
approach, championing a mix of traditionally liberal and conservative
causes. Appointing Hillary to head a committee on education reform, he
instituted more rigorous educational standards and established
competence tests for teachers. Clinton also championed affirmative
action, appointing record numbers of African Americans to key government
positions. At the same time, Clinton favored the death penalty and put
in place welfare reforms designed to put recipients back to work. Also
noteworthy was Clinton's tactic of running the government like a
political campaign, constantly consulting public opinion polls and
pitching policies through carefully orchestrated advertising campaigns.
Seeking
to increase his national profile, Clinton served as chairman of the
National Governors Association from 1986-87, and at the end of the
decade he became chair of the Democratic Leadership Council, a group of
moderate Democrats seeking to move the party in a centrist direction.
However, at the 1988 Democratic National Convention, Clinton squandered
an opportunity to announce himself as an obvious future presidential
candidate when he delivered an excruciatingly long and boring nomination
speech for Michael Dukakis. In a skillful bit of political damage
control, Clinton quickly made fun of his disastrous speech on The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson.
U.S. Presidency
In
1992, Clinton easily defeated his competitors in the Democratic
primaries to become the party's nominee for the presidency, choosing
Tennessee Senator Al Gore as his vice presidential running mate. The Republican incumbent, President George H.W. Bush,
was vulnerable in the election of 1992 because he had broken his
celebrated campaign promise not to raise taxes and, especially, because
the national economy was mired in recession.
Although
Clinton's campaign was troubled by accusations of draft dodging and
rumors of marital infidelity, he managed to turn the narrative by
portraying himself as a hard-working, family man. Additionally, he
successfully hammered home his economic message, underscored by chief
strategist James Carville's pithy slogan, "It's the economy, stupid."
Clinton was also aided by the surprisingly successful third-party
campaign of billionaire Ross Perot,
who siphoned off a significant portion of the Republican vote from
President Bush. On November 3, 1992, Bill Clinton was elected the 42nd
president of the United States.
Despite several notable
accomplishments, including the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, the
implementation of the "Don't Ask Don't Tell" policy for LGBT military
personnel and the ratification of the North American Free Trade
Agreement, Clinton's first years in office left him politically
vulnerable. Through a task force headed by First Lady Hillary Clinton,
he endorsed a massive health care reform act that was designed to
provide universal coverage. The bill failed to move through Congress,
however, and became a massive political disaster, leading to Republicans
regaining control of both houses of Congress in 1994.
However,
in an impressive political comeback, President Clinton again embraced
centrist policies and rhetoric to restore his popularity in advance of
the 1996 election. In 1994, he signed the Violent Crime Control and Law
Enforcement Act, a law that added 100,000 policemen and instituted
harsher punishments for a variety of crimes, and in 1996 he signed a law
increasing the national minimum wage. Additionally, he emerged
favorably from a budget dispute with House Republicans that resulted in a
pair of government shutdowns in 1995, the second of which lasted three
weeks. Although a one-term presidency had seemed a foregone conclusion
two years earlier, in 1996 Clinton handily defeated Republican
challenger Bob Dole to secure a second term in office.
Clinton's
greatest accomplishment as president was leading the nation to a period
of strong economic prosperity. While Clinton was in office, the nation
enjoyed the lowest unemployment rates in decades, as well as a surge in
median income and a rise in home-ownership rates.
Clinton's
foreign policy achievements included presiding over the 1993 signing of
the Oslo Accord between Israel and the Palestine Liberation
Organization, during which the famous handshake between Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat
occurred, stabilizing war-torn Bosnia through the Dayton Peace Accords
and helping to end Serbia's ethnic cleansing of Albanians in Kosovo.
However, the failure of the American military mission in Somalia and
subsequent inaction in the face of genocide in Rwanda, both from
Clinton's first term, stand out as major blemishes on his foreign policy
record.
Clinton's reputation also suffered from scandal in his
personal life. His second term in the White House was dominated by the
Monica Lewinsky scandal; the president at first denied, and then later
admitted, that he had sexual relations with the White House intern. A
panel-appointed prosecutor, Kenneth Starr, initially charged with
investigating Clinton's Whitewater investments as Arkansas governor, had
expanded his investigation to expose the affair. In 1998 he produced an
explicit report with salacious details, known as the Starr Report,
which outlined a case for impeachment.
That December, the
Republican-dominated House of Representatives voted to impeach the
president for perjury and obstruction of justice for his actions in the
Lewinsky affair. However, in February 1999, following a five-week trial,
the Senate voted to acquit Clinton on both articles of impeachment.
Post-Presidential Career
In
the years since his presidency concluded in 2001, Bill Clinton has
remained active on the global stage. Through the William J. Clinton
Foundation (founded in 1997 and later renamed the Clinton Foundation),
he created the Clinton Climate Initiative, dedicated to supporting
research to combat climate change; the Clinton Global Initiative, which
connects entrepreneurs and world leaders to foster new ideas and action;
and the Haiti Fund, dedicated to rebuilding Haiti in the aftermath of
its devastating 2010 earthquake. According to Clinton, the foundation's
mission is "to alleviate poverty, improve global health, strengthen
economies and protect the environment, by fostering partnerships among
governments, businesses, nongovernmental organizations and private
citizens."
Having published his first book, Between Hope and History, prior to the 1996 election, the former president in 2004 followed with a best-selling autobiography, My Life. Clinton has since published two more books, Giving (2007) and Back to Work (2011). He also played an active role in Hillary Clinton's failed 2008 presidential bid and, afterward, in Barack Obama's successful presidential campaign.
Despite
facing an enormous backlash from the Lewinsky scandal, Clinton
rejuvenated his image and remained popular among Democratic
supporters. Assessments of his successes and failures reflect the
political divides of the moment, and history has yet to reveal the full
consequences of many of his policies. Nevertheless, Clinton himself
offered his own preliminary evaluation of his presidency in his memoirs:
"I judge my presidency primarily in terms of its impact on people's
lives. That is how I kept score: all the millions of people with new
jobs, new homes and college aid; the kids with health insurance and
after-school programs; the people who left welfare for work; the
families helped by the family leave law; the people living in safer
neighborhoods—all those people have stories, and they're better ones
now."
In Recent Years
Clinton showed his support for the Democratic 2012 election candidates, incumbents President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden,
at the 2012 Democratic National Convention. In his speech at the
convention, Clinton said that he wanted Obama to be the standard-bearer
of the Democratic Party, calling him a president who's "cool on the
outside, but who burns for America on the inside." The speech garnered
wide success for Clinton in the form of positive news reports and
social-network posts by fans.
In November 2013, Clinton received
the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest honor awarded to
civilians. Recipients of the medal are chosen for their “meritorious
contributions to the security or national interests of the United
States, to world peace, or to cultural or other significant public or
private endeavors,” according to the White House website.
On
September 26, 2014, Clinton became a grandfather when daughter Chelsea
gave birth to Charlotte Clinton Mezvinsky. His second grandchild, Aidan
Clinton Mezvinsky, was born on June 18, 2016.
Campaigning for Hillary
Clinton
has continued to be a force behind his foundation, which has overseen
the distribution of hundreds of millions of dollars from corporations,
governments and individuals to global-minded charitable works. The
organization has dealt with issues ranging from providing increased
access to HIV/AIDS medications to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The
former president has also remained in the media spotlight with special
appearances that have included administering the oath of office in 2014
to New York City mayor Bill de Blasio and eulogizing boxing legend Muhammad Ali in 2016.
Having
previously served as secretary of state under the Obama administration,
Hillary Clinton eventually launched a new campaign to be elected
commander-in-chief. In July 2016, she became the official Democratic
nominee for the American presidency, becoming the first woman in the
U.S. to win a major political party's presidential nomination. During
the Democratic National Convention, Bill, who had previously campaigned
on behalf of his wife, spoke at length about the history of their dating
and marriage, her Civil Rights work, her work on behalf of children,
her commitment to diversity and the disenfranchised, her professional
dedication as a public servant and her overall tenacity. "For this time,
Hillary is uniquely qualified to seize the opportunities and reduce the
risks we face, and she is still the best darn change maker I have ever
known," he said in his speech.
